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Bioeffects Research for Emerging RF Technologies

 




Bioeffects Research for Emerging RF Technologies

M. R. Murphy and J. H. Merritt
Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, Human Effectiveness Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory, Brooks AFB, Texas, USA. 

 

Introduction: New technologies employing radio frequency (RF) emissions are constantly emerging. Some of them employ frequencies and pulse characteristics that have not been well studied for their effects on biological material. Bioeffects research is required to determine the hazard thresholds and interaction mechanisms of such emissions and address the appropriateness of current health and safety standards. Additional data may indicate that current standards are lax and permissible exposure limits (PEL) need to be reduced; or they may indicated that current standards are unnecessarily restrictive and the PEL can be safely raised. This paper concerns recent bioeffects research on two types of emissions: (a) High Peak-Power Low Average-Power Pulses, including Ultrawideband Pulses (UWB) (1); and (b) millimeter Waves (MMW). This paper will focus primarily on the research studies conducted by the U.S. Air Force, Army, and Navy at the Tri-Service Directed Energy Bioeffects Complex at Brooks AFB, Texas, United States. 


High Peak-Power, Low Average-Power Pules: Occupational exposure standards in the United States and Europe limit exposure to such pulses based on Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), peak electric field (e.g., IEEE C95.1-1999 limits peak E-field to 100 kV/m), or to Specific Absorption (SA) (e.g., ICNIRP-1998 limits the SA of such pulses to 10mJ per kg). The bioeffects of such pulses have been considered in two recent reviews (2,3). Research at Brooks AFB on this topic has addressed a wide range of pulse parameters, including ultrawideband exposures up to 250 kV/m and narrowband exposures up to 1500 kV/m. The studies have been conducted on whole animals (monkeys, rats, mice) in free field conditions and on isolated cells, tissues, and other in vitro preparations.



Results: Exposures of 950 kV/m pulses to the frog heart (4) and of 1500kV/m to the rat hippocampal slice (5) revealed no special effects of pulses; observed effects were due to SAR heating. In one study, no acute effects of UWB pulses of 250 kV/m were found in monkeys or rats on several measured parameters (6-7). Several studies on the acute cardiovascular effects of UWB pulses found no effect during exposures up to 100 kV/m (8-9). However, other studies have reported a delayed decrease in blood pressure in rats following 6 minutes exposure to such pulses (10). Three significant and apparently unrelated effects, out of dozens of measures taken, have been found in the offspring of female rats exposed to UWB pulses during pregnancy (11). No effects were seen on cancer promotion, life expectancy, or morbidity in mice receiving multiple exposures to UWB pulses (12), on genetic factors in yeast (13-14), or on the induction of micronuclei in mice (15). Drug-induced convulsions in rats were not affected by UWB exposure (16).

 

Conclusion: Data on the biological effects of high peak power, low average power pulses are sparse due to limited exposure equipment and the still rare opportunity for human exposure. None of the data to date indicate an acute hazard to a few pulses or short pulse bursts of UWB or other high peak power pulses in the absence of heating.

However, some delayed effects have been observed after thousands of pulses presented for a longer time period (e.g., 6 minutes). Research is continuing.

 

Millimeter Waves: The biological effects of low-intensity millimeter waves (MMW), 30-300 GHz, have been studied for decades, especially in the countries of the Former Soviet Union, where MMW are utilized extensively as a therapeutic modality (17-19). MMW have been considered for military applications (radar & communications) since the early 1980's (20-21) and are currently being developed for civilian applications in communications and traffic radar. Recent reports indicate that the U. S. Military is considering the use of 95 GHz MMW in a unique, non-lethal force protection application. In this concept, the energy would be beamed onto humans at a distance in a controlled manner, so as to raise the skin temperature to a level that is painful but not damaging (22). Because of the increased use of MMW and the consequent increased potential for human exposure, it has become more important to investigate the biological effects of higher intensity MMW. Because MMW are absorbed superficially on the exposed body surfaces, research has focused on the skin and the cornea (23). 

 

Effects on the Skin: In 1997, Blick et al., (24) reported that the human threshold (2) for the detection of 94 GHz MMW is 4.5 mW/cm, based on a 10 s exposure. Latermodeling (25) suggested that this detection threshold was based on a less than 0.1 °C temperature rise, assuming a baseline temperature of 34 °C. In 2000, Walters et al. (26) reported that the human threshold for pain perception to 94 GHz MMW is 1250 mW/cm2, corresponding to a temperature rise of about 9.9 °C. Although damage thresholds have not been reported for MMW, other literature (see 23, 26) suggests that thermal damage occurs after a temperature rise of about 34 °C.

 

Ocular Effects: Beuerman & Tanelian (27) indicate that human corneal sensitivity to thermal pain occurs at about 38-39 °C, using a water bath technique. Using 94 GHz, D'Andrea et al. (unpublished) have found that, for short exposures, the threshold for ocular avoidance responses in moneys occur at an estimated corneal fluence of less than 0.3 J/cm2 and the threshold for damage is about 5 J/cm2 (28). Kues et al. (29), have reported that "repeated exposure to 60 GHz CW radiation at 10 mW/cm does not result in any detectable ocular damage."

 

The Question of Cancer: A recently completed study (30) tested the cancer promotion and co-promotion potential of 94 GHz MMW under acute (10 s exposure, 1000 mW/cm2) or repeated (10 s exposure twice weekly for 12 weeks, 333 mW/cm2) conditions. A SENCAR mouse model of skin cancer was used and DMBA was used as a cancer initiator and TPA as a co-promoter. There were no effects of the MMW exposure.

 

Conclusion: High intensity MMWs act on human skin and cornea in an orderly, dose-dependent manner; detection occurs at very low power densities, followed by pain at higher exposures, followed by physical damage at even higher levels. Because the effective stimulus is joule heating, exposure duration is a critical factor.

 

References:

1. Agee, F. J., Baum, C. E., Prather, W. D., Lehr, J. M., O’Louglin, J. P., Schoenberg, J. S. H., Scholfield, D. W., Torres, R. J., and Gaudet, J. A. Ultra-wideband transmitter research. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 26:860-873, 1999.

  1. Lu, Shin-Tsu and de Lorge, John O. Biological Effects of High Peak Power Radio Frequency Pulses. In Advances in Electromagnetic Fields in Living Systems Vol. 3, (Ed. Jim Lin) Kluwer Academic/Plenum Published, pp. 207-264, 2000.

  2. Pakhomov, A. and Murphy, M. R. A Comprehensive Review of the Research on Biological Effects of Pulsed Radio Frequency Radiation in Russia and the Former Soviet Union. In. Advances in Electromagnetic Fields in Living Systems Vol. 3, (Ed. Jim Lin) Kluwer Academic/Plenum Published, pp. 265-290, 2000.

  3. Pakhomov, A. Mathur, S, Doyle, J., Stuck, B., Kiel, J., and Murphy, M. R. Comparative effects of extremely high power microwaves pulses and a brief CW irradiation on pacemaker function in isolated frog heart slices, Bioelectromagnetics, 21:245-254, 2000.

  4. A.G. Pakhomov, Doyle, J., Mathur, S., and Murphy, M. R. Retaining of the Long- Term Potentiation in Hippocampal Slices after High Peak Power Microwave Exposure and Heating. Submitted, 2001.

  5. Walters, T. J., Mason, P. A., Sherry, C. J., Steffen, C., and Merritt, J. H. No detectable bioeffects following acute exposure to high peak power ultra-wide band electromagneticradiationinrats. Aviation,Space,andEnvironmentalMedicine 66:562-567, 1995.

  6. Sherry, C. J., Blick, D. W., Walters, T. J., Brown, G. C., and Murphy, M. R. Lack of behavioral effects in non-human primates after exposure to ultrawideband electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range. Radiation Research 143:93-97, 1995.

  7. Jauchem, J. R., Seaman, R., Lehnert, H., Mathur, S., Ryan, K. L., Frei, M. R., and Hurt, W. D. Ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses: Lack of effects on heart rate and blood pressure during two-minute exposures of rats. Bioelectromagnetics 18:330-333, 1998.

  8. Jauchem, J. R., Frei, M. R., Ryan, K. L., Merritt, J. H., and Murphy, M. R. Lack of effects on heart rate and blood pressure in ketamine-anesthetized rats briefly exposed to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 46:117-120, 1999.

  9. Lu, S-T., Mathur, S., Akyel, Y., and Lee, J. C. Ultrawide-band electromagnetic pulses induced hypotension in rats. Physiology & Behavior 65:753-761, 1999.

  10. Cobb, B., Jauchem, J. Miller, S., Mason, P., Dooley, M., Ziriax, J, and Murphy, M. R. Neural and Behavioral Teratological Evaluation of Rats Exposed to Ultrawideband Electromagnetic Fields. Bioelectromagnetics, 21:245-254, 2000.

   12. Jauchem, J. R., Ryan, K. L., Frei, M. R., Dusch, S. J. Lehnert, H. M., and Kovatch,
R. M. Repeated exposure of C3H/HeJ mice to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses: Lack of effects on mammary tumors. Radiation Research, 155:369-377, 2001.

  1. Pakhomova, O., Belt, M., Mathur, S., Lee, J. C., and Akyel, Y. Lack of genetic effects of ultra-wide band radiation in yeast. Electro- and Magnetobiology 16:195- 201, 1997.

  2. Pakhomova, O., Belt, M., Mathur, S., Lee, J. C., and Akyel, Y. Ultra-wide band electromagnetic radiation does not affect uv-induced recombination and mutagenesis in yeast. Bioelectromagnetics 19:128-130, 1998.

  3. Vijayalaxmi, Seaman, R., Belt, M., Doyle, J. M., Mathur, S., and Prihoda, T. J. Frequency of micronuclei in the blood and bone marrow cells of mice exposed toultra-wideband electromagnetic radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology 75:115-120, 1999.

  1. Miller, S. A., Bronson, P., and Murphy, M. R. Ultrawideband radiation and pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions in rats. Bioelectromagnetics 20:327-329, 1999.

  2. Akyel, Y., Pakhomova, O. N., Stuck, B. E., and Murphy, M. R. Current State and Implications of Research on Biological Effects of Millimeter Waves: A Review of the Literature. Bioelectromagnetics 19:393-413, 1998.

  3. Pakhomov, A. G., and Murphy, M. R. Low-Intensity Millimeter Waves as a Novel Therapeutic Modality. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 28:34-40, 2000.

  4. Rojavin, M. A., and Ziskin, M. C. Medical Application of Millimeter Waves. Q. J. Med, 91:57-66, 1998.

  5. Erwin, D. N. and Hurt. W. D. Assessment of Possible Hazards Associated with  ApplicationsofMillimeter-WaveSystems. USAF School of Aerospace Medicine Review 2-81, 1981.

  6. Gandi, O. P., and Riazi, A. Absorption of Millimeter Waves by Human Beings and Its Biological Implications. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques MTT-34:228-235, 1986.

  7. Dao, James. “Pentagon Unveils Plans for a New Crowd-Dispersal Weapon,” New York Times, page A11, March 1, 2001.

  8. Ryan, K. L., D'Andrea, J. A., Jauchem, J. R., and Mason, P. A. Radio Frequency Radiation of Millimeter Wave Length: Potential Occupational Safety Issues Relating to Surface Heating. Health Physics 78:170-181, 2000.

  9. Blick, D. W., Adair, E. R., Hurt, W. D., Sherry, C. J., Walters, T. J., and Merritt, J. H. Thresholds of Microwave-Evoked Warmth Sensations in Human Skin. Bioelectromagnetics 18:403-409, 1997.

  10. Riu, P. J., Foster, K. R., Blick, D. W., and Adair, E. R. A Thermal Model for Human ThresholdsofMicrowave-EvokedWarmthSensations. Bioelectromagnetics18:578-583, 1997.

  11. Walters, T. J., Blick, D. W., Johnson, L. R., Adair, E. R., and Foster, K. R. Heating and Pain Sensation Produced in Human Skin by Millimeter Waves: Comparison to a Simple Thermal Model. Health Physics 78:259-267, 2000.

  12. Beuerman, R. W., and Tanelian, D. L. Corneal Pain Evoked by Thermal Sensation. Pain 7:1-14, 1979.

  13. Chalfin S., D’Andrea, J. A., Comeau, P. D., Belt, M. E., and Hatcher, D. J. Millimeter Wave Absorption in the Nonhuman Primate Eye at 35 GHz and 94 GHz. Submitted for publication, 2001.

  14. Kues, H. A., D'Anna, S. A., Oslander, R., Green, W. R., and Monahan, J. C. Absence of Ocular Effects after Either Single or Repeated Exposure to 10mW/cm2 from a 60 GHz CW Source. Bioelectromagnetics 20:463-473, 1999.

  15. Mason, P. A., Walters, T. J., DiGiovanni, J., Beason, C. W., Jauchem, J. R., Dick, E. J., Jr., Mahajan, K., Dusch, S. J., Shields, B. A., Merritt, J. H., Murphy, M. R., and Ryan, K. L. Lack of Effect of 94.0 GHz Radio Frequency Radiation Exposure in an Animal Model of Skin Carcinogenesis. Submitted for publication, 2001.

Comments

Tamara L. Davis said…
Hi Mr. Hunter, my name is Tamara Davis, and have been a T.I. for 27 years, V-2-K, 24/7. This started with my Ex-husband David Lindsay and my old friends from high school, there are at least 25 other people. When this first started there wasn't any information back then, so I thought I had a RFID chip. I read your report about remote neutral monitoring and that made more sense to me. I know how they got my DNA, and knew that had to be a part of this. They have been gang-stalking me from CA to Utah to Florida and now back to CA. I, like most other T.I.s, have tried contacting the FBI, and have been in a Mental Institution. The reason I'm contacting you is because I have these audio tapes, my props lived next door to me and were doing crazy things at night, they are also meth. dealers and much more, to give to the landlord. Well, I moved out and started listening to these tapes and was horrified. I found out that they tried killing me at least 4 times, dealing with every drug that's out there. Sex and drug trafficking, they are taking children from Mexico, they have a resort in Mexico called Rancho Leonero, where they also launder their money, there is so much more. I am trying to get someone to edit these tapes so every law enforcement agency can hear them.
I was hoping that you could send me all of your blogs regarding this matter. I need to explain how their reading my mind and slowly killing me. I am going to diagram all of this and need your advice. Please contact me at flotami10@gmail.com or 385-887-4197. Thanks so much.
Tamara
October 18, 2023 at 1:58 PM
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